These ensemble-based PMF maps were compared with flood maps obtained from the conventional deterministic PMP/PMF approach, revealing added information of conditional probability of flooding. A graphical process unit accelerated 2-dimensional hydrodynamic model was used to simulate the more » surface inundation areas corresponding to a total of PMF hydrographs. To assess the potential flood hazards due to PMP/PMF, an integrated high resolution process-based hydro-meteorologic modeling framework was utilized to develop ensemble-based probabilistic flood maps based on best-available historic observations and future climate projections. This includes probable maximum precipitation (PMP) and probable maximum flood (PMF) which are used as hydraulic design standards for critical infrastructures such as major hydropower reservoirs and nuclear power plants. The magnitude and frequency of hydro-meteorological extremes are expected to increase in a changing environment that threaten the security of US energy-water assets. In conclusion, the proposed framework better illustrates the uncertainties associated with model inputs, parameterization, and hydro-meteorological factors, allowing more informed decision-making for future emergency = , Further, a relative sensitivity test was conducted to explore the effects of various factors in the framework, such as meteorological forcings, antecedent hydrologic conditions, reservoir storage, and flood model input resolution and parameters. These ensemble-based PMF maps were compared with flood maps obtained from the conventional deterministic PMP/PMF approach, revealing added information about conditional probability of flooding. A graphics processing unit–accelerated 2-dimensional hydrodynamic model was used to simulate the surface inundation areas corresponding to a total of 120 PMF hydrographs. To assess the flood vulnerability due to PMP/PMF, an integrated high-resolution process-based hydro-meteorologic modeling framework was used to develop ensemble-based probabilistic flood maps based on best-available historic observations and future climate projections. These include probable maximum precipitation (PMP) and probable maximum flood (PMF), which are used as hydraulic design standards for highly sensitive infrastructures such as nuclear power plants and main dams. The magnitude and frequency of hydro-meteorological extremes are expected to increase in a changing environment in ways that threaten the security of US energy-water assets.
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